During the 2011-2015 window, research coalesced around integrated biorefinery concepts that optimize feedstock diversity, energy efficiency, and environmental performance, with heavy emphasis on life-cycle assessment and emergy analysis to compare biofuel pathways. Multi‑product platforms and cross-disciplinary modeling emerged as core strategies to address the energy–food–water nexus, guiding policy-relevant evaluations and accelerating practical implementation for biofuels and materials co‑production. This period also foregrounded systematic assessments of pyrolysis and biodiesel pathways as viable components of a broader sustainable fuels portfolio.